IRF1 and ischemic cardiomyopathy: In addition, several transcription factor-coding genes were upregulated by CPB selectively in ToF samples, including IRF1, a member of the interferon signaling pathway with a central role in the regulation of cardiac remodeling and the induction of heart hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction [52] and proposed as a candidate biomarker in ischemic cardiomyopathy [53].