Cdx1 and Cdx2, two of the three mammalian orthologues of pal-1/caudal, have been implicated in the formation of epithelial-derived tumours (Chawengsaksophak et al., 1997; Soubeyran et al., 2001; Domon-Dell et al., 2003; Salari et al., 2012; Hryniuk et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene CDX2 and neoplasm.