RIPK3 and viral infectious disease: Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1), also known as DNA-dependent activator of interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (DAI), and Toll-interleukin receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), two other RHIM domain-containing proteins, have been reported to function upstream of RIPK3-MLKL in viral infection- and TLR-induced necroptosis respectively (Figure 1) [31, 32].