ACTA1 and breast carcinoma: As such, upregulation of αSMA is often used as marker for CAS, and enhanced expression of αSMA in human breast cancer is associated with poor prognosis (Sappino et al., 1988; Elenbaas and Weinberg, 2001; Yazhou et al., 2004; Surowiak et al., 2006, 2007; Yamashita et al., 2012).