Upregulation of the NKCC1 chloride importer is observed in a wide range of conditions including neonatal and adult epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, chronic pain, spinal cord lesions, brain trauma, cerebral edema, stress, neurogenic hypertension, cerebral artery occlusion, diabetic ketoacidosis and HI brain damage (Ben-Ari, 2017; Luo et al., 2018). The gene discussed is SLC12A2; the disease is edema.