MYC and cancer: Moreover, it has been reported that more than 50% of tumors have mutations in the tumor suppressor p53, which leads to metabolic changes and contributes to the Warburg effect through the upregulation of c-MYC, HIF-1, and a broad range of genes involved in other aspects of cancer biology, including tumor cell survival and proliferation, migration, drug resistance, and immune evasion (51, 150, 151).