An exciting breakthrough in the development of immunotherapy of RCC has been achieved with agents directed against molecules that act as critical regulators of tumor-induced immune suppression, such as nivolumab, directed against PD-1 (programmed death-1), and ipilimumab directed against CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4). This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and renal cell carcinoma.