Owing to the vital role of this pathway in cancer, many drugs targeting genes encoding components of the TGFβ pathway have been developed in recent decades (5, 7, 8); however, the application of these targeted drugs in clinic has been hindered by the dual roles of the TGFβ signaling pathway in the suppression and promotion of cancer (4, 9, 10). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.