This might be explained by the pleiotropic role of CCL5, from one side being involved in TNBC pathogenesis, and from the other side mediating protective anti-tumor immunity via a positive immunologic loop resulting in lymphocyte recruitment through the interaction with its ligand CCR5 (co-expressed, together with CXCR3 by activated lymphocytes and NK cells). Here, CCL5 is linked to neoplasm.