In addition, to identify possible divergent roles of ADK isoforms, we conducted a follow-up in vitro study using our established CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing approach to knockdown ADK-L or ADK-S isoforms in cultured MDA-MB-231 cell lines, and further evaluated the effects of manipulating each ADK isoform on the cell growth, viability, migration, and invasion ability of cultured breast cancer cells. Here, ADK is linked to breast cancer.