To investigate the performance of this FF-nPES platform to differentiate serum samples drawn from patients with and without pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) based on their EV EpCAM signal, we analyzed serum samples obtained from a retrospective case-control study, where the case and control groups did not differ by age and gender (Supplementary Table 1). The gene discussed is EPCAM; the disease is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.