Studies in transgenic mice that expressed CD40 restricted to Müller glia demonstrated that, after induction of diabetes, the presence of CD40 in these cells was sufficient for upregulation of ICAM-1, NOS2, TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL2 mRNA levels as well as for development of leukostasis and capillary degeneration (7). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and diabetes mellitus.