MIF and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) models, PDAC exosomes were found to carry macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which induces TGF-β signaling in Kupffer cells in the liver resulting in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, a recruitment of bone marrow-derived macrophages and increased metastasis.