ALB and glomerular disorder: Furthermore, the induction of HO-1 in the tubular epithelium in proteinuric states that occurs in cases of LN cannot be simply ascribed to increased trafficking of albumin per se across the proximal tubule; such expression more likely reflects concomitant injury to tubular epithelial cells occurring pari passu with glomerular disease and/or the pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant, or other perturbing effects of specific proteins or other species appearing in the urinary space, as it has been demonstrated by some authors (67).