As an established regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, NRF1 has been attributed an essential role in the cardioprotective effects of circulating adiponectin via AMPK-PGC-1α-NRF1 metabolic axis, a molecular cascade that may be dysregulated in hearts of murine models of type 2 diabetes (39). Here, PPARGC1A is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.