Intensive glucose control in patients with Type 1 diabetes decreased incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. The same principals are thought to apply to other DM types However, treatment with insulin, and resultant hyperinsulemia, is likely associated with adverse outcomes (e.g., CV risk, weight gain, obesity, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, hypertension, chronic inflammation, and cancer). This evidence concerns the gene INS and endothelial dysfunction.