HIF1A and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Our results from an in vitro model of obesity-AD comorbidity-mimicking conditions suggested the possible role of HIF-1α in the action mechanism of TJT is crucial (Figure 9), but still further intense studies, perhaps using HIF-1α knock-out mice, must be proceeded in order to investigate the underlying mechanism of TJT on HIF-1α.