TNF and Alzheimer disease: Astrocytes secrete many of the cytokines known to be upregulated in human AD brain samples and in transgenic mouse models of AD (Benzing et al., 1999; Apelt and Schliebs, 2001; Abbas et al., 2002; Tan et al., 2002), notably: IFNγ, IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, and TGFβ (Constam et al., 1992; McGeer and McGeer, 1995; Hu et al., 1998; Johnstone et al., 1999) and are capable of secreting Aβ (Frost and Li, 2017).