In a prospective cohort study conducted by Honda et al., the serum levels of ApoA-I were significantly decreased in patients with CKD 5D as compared to those with CKD stages 2-3 [22], in consent with the data reported by the ARIC study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities), in which CKD patients in stages 3-4 without coronary heart disease (CHD) had a low ApoA-I concentration [23]. This evidence concerns the gene APOA1 and chronic kidney disease.