APOA4 and chronic kidney disease: Subjects with mild and moderate CKD [29] and ESRD (HD patients) [30], who developed atherosclerotic complications (carotid artery plaques and a low ankle-brachial index), had a decrease in ApoA-IV plasma concentrations [30] as compared to control participants (24.9 ± 8.7 versus 22.3 ± 7.7 mg/dl, p < 0.15 for mild-moderate CKD) [29].