TNF and retinal ischemia: It can normalize insulin signaling in the diabetic rat retina through reduction in the levels of tumor necrosis factor and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, [35] modulate the retinal pigmented epithelium survival responses to oxidative stress, inhibit activation of the glial cells, prevent cell apoptosis, and protect the retina from subsequent cellular damage caused by retinal ischemia/reperfusion [33, 40].