Whilst reduced liver inflammation may well underlie the systemic effect of improved glucose clearance, it is very likely that improved glucose clearance is a combined effect of D-4F on increased insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells [27], increased uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle cells [28], decreased inflammatory responses in coronary endothelium [29] and adipose tissue [30], as well as the decreased liver inflammation reported here. Here, INS is linked to Hepatitis.