EPO and anemia (phenotype): Anemia is common in hemodialysis (HD) patients; it usually develops as a result of erythropoietin deficiency, and leads to considerable morbidity and mortality.[1] Optimal management of anemia in HD patients is associated with improved quality of life and reduced hospitalization and death.[2–4] Anemia management was improved by the introduction of erythropoietin stimulating agent (ESA) in 1989, which reduced blood transfusions and iron overload complications.