HSF1 and cancer: Rim15 has been reported to mediate the phosphorylation of Rph1 under nitrogen starvation, leading to the induction of autophagy.26 In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), PSMD10/Gankyrin translocates into the nucleus and binds with nuclear HSF1 (heat shock transcription factor 1) and ATG7 promoter to activate ATG7 expression, leading to the upregulation of autophagy in the advanced stage of starvation.27 In addition to those already mentioned, there are many other transcription factors which regulate autophagy and play an important role in cancer progress or during cancer treatment.