TNF and cancer: Normal and cancer stem cells have reduced expression of miR-200 family members and miR-203, which results in increased expression of the stem cell factors.41 Moreover, miR-203 and miR-200c were found to be downregulated by chronic TNFα exposure in the OKF6/tert cells expressing E6 (Fig. 5b) but not in the cells expressing E7 (Fig. 5c), suggesting a role for the E6/miR-203 and/or miR-200c axis in the TNFα-induced CSC phenotype.