TNF and cancer: Disruption of the TNFα signaling pathway could significantly inhibit chemical-induced carcinogenesis in the skin.14,15 Many studies have suggested that TNFα promotes inflammation-associated tumourigenesis by activating nuclear factor-κB signaling,16,17 which inhibits the death of precancerous or transformed cells during the development of inflammation-associated cancers.18–20 In addition, TNFα has been shown to be a potential mutagen that causes DNA damage through the induction of reactive oxygen species.21