TNF and cancer: CD44high/CD24low cells have been identified as CSCs in different types of cancer, including OSCC.53 CD44high/CD24low cancer cells displayed higher self-renewal capacity and important CSC properties, such as migration, chemo-radioresistance, and tumourigenic potential compared to other subpopulations.53 TNFα also increases the migration ability and chemo-radioresistance of HPV-immortalized cells.