In addition to PAN, KSHV ORF59, ORF58, ORF54, ORF17, K2, K4, K5IR, K6, K7, K8.1, and K12 RNAs have been found packaged into KSHV virions in which they are directly released into newly infected cells and are presumed to act as immediate early genes early in infection (57). This evidence concerns the gene KRT81 and polyarteritis nodosa.