VCAM1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In a more recent work, Ruszkowska-Ciastek et al. [36] observed an increase in the blood concentrations of E-selectin and VCAM-1, and a decrease in ICAM-1 in T2DM patients with HbA1c ≥ 7.5% compared to patients with HbA1c < 6.5%.