CASP3 and glioblastoma: Consistent with this, co-treatment of a panel of GBM cells, including primary cell lines with TMZ and SKI-II, a dual inhibitor of SK1 and SK2 and also a potent DES1 inhibitor, promoted autophagy and subsequent caspase-3-dependent cell death through the accumulation of dihydrosphingosine (dhSph) and dhCer [142].