Among the proteins identified with decreased carbonylation levels in L compared to PL areas a crucial role in tumour progression can be played by nucleolin (Ncl), protein/nucleic acid deglycase DJ-1 (DJ-1), peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx-2) and transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (Vcp), all belonging to antioxidant and stress response pathways. Here, VCP is linked to neoplasm.