TNF and osteoarthritis: Moreover, IL-1β and TNFα also stimulate the synthesis of prostaglandins, nitric oxide, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and diverse mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways further contributing to osteoarthritis pain [16].