VCP and infection: In ATG16LI -/- cells, LC3I was not converted to LC3 II during infection, confirming that these cells lack autophagy and also demonstrating that the puncta in Figure 3b are not autophagosomes There was no change in levels of YBX1, VCP and TIA1 over the time course of 0 to 8 hpi in wild type cells, indicating that they are not degraded by autophagy during this time period.