While BS-90 snails were completely refractory to infection with either PR-1 or NRMI S. mansoni independent of rBgGRN pre-treatment, the only other species/strain that did not feature a significant reduction in infected snails 7 w.p.i. was B. sudanica. The lack of a significant difference between granulin treatment and control treatment B. sudanica snails infected with PR-1 S. The gene discussed is GRN; the disease is infection.