Presence of a maternal autoimmune disease was not a prerequisite for NLE, as in almost 1 in 3 pregnancies (31.9%) resulting in NLE, no disease was evident in the mother, Also, while anti-SSA/Ro was expectedly the most frequent autoantibody found in maternal serum, it is noteworthy that, in 10% of mothers (and 7.3% of neonates, accordingly), no circulating autoantibody could be detected in the serum; this observation clearly poses questions regarding the underlying pathophysiology of CHB in these cases. This evidence concerns the gene CALR and autoimmune disease.