Inhibition of the NF-κB pathway by suppressing the levels of the p65 subunit of NF-κB with shRNA to p65, or the inhibition of this signaling pathway by overexpressing the mutant IκBα super-repressor (IκB-SR) in CRC cells, both blocked the induction of ISG15 expression by L1 (Figure 4B). The gene discussed is NFKBIA; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.