The results of the present study suggest that epigenetic modulation of the IGFBP-2 gene plays an important part in the loss of IGFBP-2 in progressive mesenchymal bladder cancers, which raises the possibility of epigenetically-targeted cancer therapies for certain bladder cancer subtypes to restore a less aggressive phenotype [28, 29]. The gene discussed is IGFBP2; the disease is urinary bladder cancer.