3.Proteotoxic stress induced by the expression of mutant SOD1 linked to familial ALS1: As a proteotoxic stress relevant to neurodegenerative disease, we used our previously established model of ALS1 (Durham et al. 1997) due to mutations in SOD1, in which upregulation of HSP expression alleviated many aspects of mutant SOD1 toxicity in cultured motor neurons (Batulan et al. 2006; Cha et al. 2014). This evidence concerns the gene SOD1 and neurodegenerative disease.