IL1B and periodontitis: Metformin activates AMP-activated protein kinase, which has been shown to exert significant anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects.159,160 Metformin reduces the concentrations of IL-1β and bone loss in a rat model of experimental periodontitis.161 In vitro, metformin inhibits LPS-influenced IL-1β production in human gingival fibroblast cells.162