TNF and cancer: Additionally, these junctions can be destabilized by the expressions of cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory mediators, including VEGF, basic FGF (bFGF), TGF-ß, IL-1ß, TNF-α, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), CCL2, CXCL8, and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (COX2), by the cancer cells [42, 46–48].