INS and Sepsis: In a murine model of sepsis, increased levels of systemic pro-inflammatory markers (including tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, interleukin-1b, and HMGB1) and altered levels of metabolic molecules (including insulin, leptin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) were related to persistent neuroinflammation in mice surviving sepsis (Zaghloul et al. 2017).