CXCR4 and neuropathy: The ddC-induced neuropathy is accompanied by mechanical allodynia [11], hyperalgesia [12], decreased conduction velocity in C fiber afferents [13] and upregulation of inflammatory molecules such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), stromal cell-derived factor (SDF1-α) [14], and chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) [15], caspases [16], interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and Wnt5a [17]; ddC-induced neuropathy also is accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction [18,19,20].