C3 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: On the basis of our previous DNA microarray findings using the BPH model rat (Supplementary Table S1), we performed qRT-PCR to investigate the mRNA expression levels of complement components including C1q, C3, Mbl, and Cfb. As shown in Fig. 1a, the expression levels of C1q were higher in rat BPH tissues than controls at 2, 3, and 8 weeks after UGS implantation, with statistical significance observed at 3 and 8 weeks.