AKT1 and glioma: To confirm which pathway was involved in mediating the effect of IL-33/ST2 on TNC expression, we pretreated glioma cells with corresponding pathway inhibitors (PI3K/AKT: LY294002; MAPK/ERK: PD98059; NF-κB: BAY11-7085) for 60 min and then with IL-33 treatment (50 ng/ml) and measured TNC mRNA levels after 2 h or protein levels after 6 h.