APOB and atherosclerosis: Further, in the EPIC-Norfolk study, it was identified that, among a cohort of initially healthy subjects, serum IgG and IgM autoantibody concentrations, along with apoB-immune complexes, were not necessarily independent risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) or CAD events, these humoral immune markers may serve to modify CAD risk attributed to elevated levels of oxidative biomarkers attributed to accelerating ASCVD progression [21].