In another nested, case-control study from Belgium involving 48 patients with probable or proven IA and 48 matched controls, of which each 30 had underlying hematological malignancies, a panel of biomarkers from serum and BALF was obtained, and IL-8, followed by IL-6 and IL-23 were best at discriminating IPA from no IPA in BALF, with IL-8 alveolar levels ≥ 904 pg/mL predicting IPA with high sensitivity (90%), specificity (73%), and negative predictive value (88%) [40]. Here, IL6 is linked to hematologic disorder.