VIM and Autoimmunity: The evaluation of anti-CarP antibodies in SLE patients with kidney involvements showed a significant incidence (27.5%) of anticarbamylated vimentin autoantibodies in the lupus nephritis phenotype, thus suggesting that the carbamylated proteins (vimentin) trigger autoimmunity in SLE, and anti-CarP antibodies could be a useful biomarker in SLE with renal involvement [291].