TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: These investigations are critical not only for developing novel treatment strategies including the selection of the right targets to optimally manage IBD such as fecal microbiota transplantation, antisense oligonucleotide targeting proinflammatory molecules (such as NF-κB and Intercellular adhesion molecule 1), and monoclonal antibody/biologics to neutralize proinflammatory cytokines (such as TNF and IL-12/IL-23p40) but also for identifying biomarkers for diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostics or prediction of disease progress and treatment outcome.