In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge on the shared or distinct roles of overlapping molecules that have been significantly correlated with the pathophysiology of both cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, such as p53, cyclin D, cyclin E, cyclin F, peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase (PPIase) NIMA (Never in Mitosis A)-interacting 1 (Pin1), and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) (Fig. 2). This evidence concerns the gene PTPA and cancer.