In addition, aberrant expression or mutations in genes such as α-synuclein, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), PTEN induced kinase 1 (PINK1; parkinsonism associated deglycase 6, PARK6), DJ-1 (PARK7), leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2; PARK8), microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1/2 (PSEN1/2), and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), which play essential roles in neurodegeneration, are also observed in cancer [32]. The gene discussed is APP; the disease is cancer.