When we estimated ADAR1 haplotypes to HPV-dysplasia recurrence, we found the low frequency haplotype AACCAT was significantly associated with recurrent HPV dysplasia (2% and 8% of non-recurrent and recurrent HPV dysplasia respectively) (psim = 0.0064) (Table 2), suggesting that ADAR1 plays a role in HPV infection in vivo. This evidence concerns the gene ADAR and dysplasia.