Univariate analysis revealed that positive cytological diagnosis of malignancy (M+) and tumor colony formation in the initial primary culture (TCF+) were strongly correlated with PDC establishment (OR = 8.3654, P < 0.001; OR = 22.0772, P < 0.001) as well as multivariate analysis (OR = 4.8336, P = 0.0239; OR = 14.1733, P = 0.0131) (Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 1). Here, HNF4A is linked to neoplasm.