Only two previous studies have reported that parkin is activated by NEDD8; one used coimmunoprecipitation to show endogenous parkin to be neddylated in Parkinson’s disease brain [22], and both showed that the parkin-NEDD8 interaction appears to have elevated ubiquitination activity in vivo and in vitro [22, 33]; although these may be due to neddylation of parkin, our proposed NEDD8-parkin interaction, or a combination of both. The gene discussed is PRKN; the disease is Parkinson disease.