As a follow-up, in the PD-APP mouse model of Alzheimer, we found that the synthesis of IL-1α, IL-1β, and parkin was elevated in mice as early as 2 months of age (Fig. 1e, p = 0.036 for IL-1α, p = 0.04 for IL-1β, and p = 0.030 for parkin), months before Alzheimer lesions have been noted in this model [49]. Here, APP is linked to Parkinson disease.