However, our results show that there is a substantial increase in the levels of P-parkin in IL-1β-treated neurons (Fig. 1g, p < 0.001), suggesting that a kinase other than PINK1 can phosphorylate parkin and may do so in conditions, such as those in neurodegenerative diseases, where IL-1β levels are elevated. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and neurodegenerative disease.