AKT1 and melanoma: In melanoma, IGFBP5 negatively regulates IGFR1 and MAPK kinase signalling to inhibit proliferation and metastasis [35] whilst a recent preprint reported that inactivation of IGFBP5 distal enhancers down-regulates IGFBP5 expression and promotes melanomagenesis by inducing an IGF1R-AKT signalling-dependent increase in glycolysis and metabolic reprogramming [44].